Earth system components

Earth system components refer to the major interacting subsystems of the Earth, typically including the solid Earth (lithosphere), hydrosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. In geodesy, these components are observed and quantified through space- and ground-based measurement techniques to monitor mass redistribution, surface deformation, sea level change, gravity field variations, and Earth rotation. Understanding the interactions among Earth system components is essential for interpreting geodetic observations and for studying climate change, natural hazards, and long-term geodynamic processes.