Geosphere

The geosphere comprises the solid parts of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. It represents the structural and dynamic foundation of the Earth system. In geodesy, the geosphere is observed through measurements of crustal deformation, plate motion, gravity field variations, and Earth rotation. Space-geodetic techniques such as GNSS, VLBI, SLR, and satellite gravimetry provide essential data to study geodynamic processes within the geosphere, including tectonics, earthquakes, mantle convection, and long-term changes in the Earth’s figure and mass distribution.