Groundwater

Groundwater is water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in soil pores and rock formations (aquifers). It represents a major component of the hydrological cycle and an important freshwater resource.

In geodesy, groundwater variations are detected indirectly through changes in the Earth’s gravity field, surface deformation, and loading effects. Satellite gravimetry missions (e.g., GRACE/GRACE-FO) and GNSS observations are used to monitor temporal changes in terrestrial water storage, including groundwater depletion and recharge. These measurements contribute to hydrological studies, climate research, and sustainable water resource management.