GIS – Geographic Information Systems

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a framework for capturing, storing, analyzing, and visualizing spatial and geographic data. It allows integration of multiple data layers—such as topography, land use, and satellite observations—to support mapping, modeling, and decision-making. In geodesy, GIS is used to manage geospatial datasets, analyze Earth surface measurements, and combine geodetic data with environmental, cadastral, and infrastructure information for scientific and practical applications.